Scientists are genuinely divided on this question.

What's still open

What the evidence found 3 findings
Based on 7 sources:
PMC - NIH peer-reviewed View
PMC - NIH peer-reviewed View
PMC peer-reviewed View
Strategic Psychology Canberra institutional View
PMC peer-reviewed View
Purdue University institutional View
PMC (PubMed Central) peer-reviewed View
Based on 9 sources:
Intelligence journal peer-reviewed View
ChessBase institutional View
Chess in Education institutional View
PMC peer-reviewed View
ResearchGate Publication peer-reviewed View
PubMed Journal Article peer-reviewed View
PubMed cognitive foundations study peer-reviewed View
Science Direct peer-reviewed View
ResearchGate institutional View
Based on 7 sources:
Personality Psychology and Economics peer-reviewed View
Purdue University Skill Learning and Performance Lab institutional View
ResearchGate peer-reviewed View
PubMed peer-reviewed View
PMC (PubMed Central) peer-reviewed View
Frontiers in Psychology peer-reviewed View
ResearchGate peer-reviewed View
What research hasn't answered 3 gaps
Intelligence journal peer-reviewed View
ChessBase institutional View
Chess in Education institutional View
PMC peer-reviewed View
ResearchGate Publication peer-reviewed View
Personality Psychology and Economics peer-reviewed View
Purdue University Skill Learning and Performance Lab institutional View
ResearchGate peer-reviewed View
PubMed peer-reviewed View
PMC (PubMed Central) peer-reviewed View
Intelligence journal peer-reviewed View
ChessBase institutional View
Chess in Education institutional View
PMC peer-reviewed View
ResearchGate Publication peer-reviewed View
Sources 21 findings
argumentation Unknown
argumentation Unknown
argumentation Unknown
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
argumentation Unknown
argumentation Unknown
argumentation Unknown
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Generated by reaso.ai's editorial pipeline: claim restated, scientific consensus classified via 3-run majority vote, 21 findings enriched with attribution and study type, narrative written in neutral voice. No individual researcher has signed off on this specific analysis — see methodology for how the pipeline works. Built with Claude Sonnet by Anthropic. Updated April 16, 2026. How we do this →

Written by AI. Sources are linked for verification.