Scientists are genuinely divided on this question.

What's still open

What the evidence found 3 findings
Based on 13 sources:
ArXiv peer-reviewed View
Kellogg Insight institutional View
Multipost Digital blog View
PETS Symposium peer-reviewed View
PMC peer-reviewed View
University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation institutional View
ResearchGate peer-reviewed View
PMC peer-reviewed View
European Journal of Law and Technology peer-reviewed View
Stanford Medicine institutional View
Fordham Law Review peer-reviewed View
AOL news View
Aalto University institutional View
Based on 13 sources:
PMC peer-reviewed View
Dakota State University institutional View
ScienceDirect peer-reviewed View
ResearchGate peer-reviewed View
The Ted K Archive unknown View
PMC/NCBI peer-reviewed View
ResearchGate peer-reviewed View
APA Monitor on Psychology institutional View
University of Miami institutional View
Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University institutional View
Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review peer-reviewed View
PMC - NIH peer-reviewed View
Smarter Articles blog View
Based on 10 sources:
University of Turku institutional View
Liberty University Scholars Crossing institutional View
Dr Rajiv Desai blog View
Netizency blog View
Fast Company news View
eMarketer institutional View
MessageFlow blog View
Nicotine & Tobacco Research peer-reviewed View
PMC peer-reviewed View
Tobacco Control peer-reviewed View
What research hasn't answered 4 gaps
University of Turku institutional View
Liberty University Scholars Crossing institutional View
Dr Rajiv Desai blog View
Netizency blog View
Fast Company news View
ArXiv peer-reviewed View
Kellogg Insight institutional View
Multipost Digital blog View
PETS Symposium peer-reviewed View
PMC peer-reviewed View
Sources 21 findings
argumentation Unknown
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tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
tree-leaf argumentation
argumentation Unknown
argumentation Unknown
argumentation Unknown
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Generated by reaso.ai's editorial pipeline: claim restated, scientific consensus classified via 3-run majority vote, 21 findings enriched with attribution and study type, narrative written in neutral voice. No individual researcher has signed off on this specific analysis — see methodology for how the pipeline works. Built with Claude Sonnet by Anthropic. Updated April 16, 2026. How we do this →

Written by AI. Sources are linked for verification.